This is book number 45 in the Space Sciences Series of Issi series.
Introduction.- Ion Acceleration at the Earth's Bow Shock.- Particle Acceleration in the Magnetotail andAurora.- Acceleration of Particles to High Energies in Earth's Radiation Belts.- High-energy Atmospheric Physics: Terrestrial Gamma-ray Flashes and Related Phenomena.- Particle Acceleration at the Sun, Current Fragmentation and Particle Acceleration in Solar Flares.- Heliospheric Particle Acceleration.- The Acceleration Mechanism of Anomalous Cosmic Rays.- Particle Acceleration in Relativistic Outflows.- Pulsar Wind Nebulae as Cosmic Pevatrons: A Current Sheet's Tale.- Observational Signatures of Particle Acceleration in Supernova Remnants.- Particle Acceleration Processes in the Heliosphere: Implications for Astrophysics.- Langmuir Turbulence and Suprathermal Electron Acceleration.- Diffusive Shock Acceleration and Magnetic Field Amplification.- Kinetic Simulations of Collisionless Shocks.- Relativistic Reconnection and Particle Acceleration.- Stochastic Acceleration by Turbulence.- Turbulence, Magnetic Reconnection in Turbulent Fluids and Energetic Particle Acceleration.- Cyclotron Resonant Interactions in Cosmic Particle Accelerators.